THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) DESIGN
The objects are constructed on three planes namely X, Y and Z. 3D objects can be subjected to transformation, rotation and scaling. 3D interaction occurs when users are able to move and perform interaction in 3D space.
INTERACTION DESIGN (ID)
Interaction Design allows users to carry out their tasks and perform functions by exchanging information with computer systems in 3D space. It is a perceptive type of interaction because humans can interact with three dimensions in the real world. The various types of tasks users can perform through Interaction Design are selection and manipulation of objects in virtual space, navigation, and system control. Users can perform the tasks through interaction techniques in virtual space and by utilizing interaction devices.
Interaction Techniques
3D interaction occurs when physical tools are controlled in 3D spatial context to control a corresponding virtual tool. Interaction with the virtual world in 3D allows users to make use of natural and intrinsic knowledge of how information exchange takes place with physical objects in the real world. Texture, sound, and speech are used to enhance 3D interaction.
The classification of 3D interaction techniques are based on the task group it supports. The major classification of 3D interaction techniques are
Navigation Techniques
Selection and Manipulation Techniques
System Control Techniques
Navigation Techniques
Navigation techniques support tasks related to navigation. Navigation tasks have two components, namely travel and way finding. Travel deals with the movement from the current location to the desired point. Way finding deals with the finding and setting routes to get to a travel goal within the virtual environment.
Selection and Manipulation Techniques
Selection and manipulation techniques support object selection and manipulation. Direct-hand manipulation is the most natural technique as manipulating physical objects with the hand is spontaneous for humans. A virtual hand that can select and re-locate virtual objects is also used. 3D widgets are used to put controls on objects.
System Control Techniques
The tasks associated with issuing commands to the application in order to change system mode or activate some functionality come under system control techniques. Graphical menus, Voice commands, Gestural interaction, and Virtual tools with specific functions are the techniques that support system control tasks in three-dimensions.
3D INTERFACES
The 3D interfaces are the means for communication between users and systems. 3D Interfaces are used in applications that feature virtual environments, and augmented and mixed realities. 3D interfaces include media for 3D representation of system state, and media for 3D user input or manipulation. In addition to 3D representations, special input and output devices are used to support interaction.
Input Devices
Input Devices help manipulate objects and send control instructions to the computer system. They vary in terms of degrees of freedom available to them. They are classified into standard input devices, trackers, control devices, navigation equipment, and gesture interfaces. Standard input devices include keyboards, tablets and stylus, joysticks, mice, touch screens, knobs, and trackballs.
Output Devices
Output devices allow the machine to provide information or feedback to the user. They include visual displays, auditory displays, and haptic displays. Visual displays provide feedback to users in 3D visual form. Head-mounted displays and CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) are examples of a fully-immersive visual display. In fully-immersive displays the user can see only the virtual world and not the real one. Semi-immersive displays allow users to see both. Monitors and workbenches are examples of semi-immersive displays. Auditory displays provide information in auditory form.
Software
Most of the three dimensional design and interaction design are done through the following software
Flash Script
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe XD video
AAA Magic 3D
3DJournal Software
Python 3D Software
SOLUTIONS TO ALL QUESTIONS RELATED TO 3D AND ID
Interactive Touch Screen Technology
In this technology, users are allowed to interact with the application and apply the required change by touching the screen. Software working allows the users to draw or apply colours or select the required options by touching the screen. The screen given below shows the mode of applying colour through touch screen using Adobe XD video.
Virtual Reality Technology
Virtual reality (VR) technology allows users to interact with an environment that is a simulation of the real or an imaginary world. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays. The screen shots given below show the mode of applying colour through touch screen using CAD.
Augmented reality Technology
Augmented Reality deals with the live direct or indirect view of a physical real world environment whose elements are merged with virtual computer generated imagery, creating a mixed reality. Augmented reality research explores the application of computer-generated imagery in live-video streams as a way to expand the real-world. The figure below shows the working of Augmented Reality technology.
3D Animation
The rapid display of a sequence of two dimensional or three dimensional images is called animation. 3D animations give the impression to look at characters from all angles like in real life.
Modelling
Flash is the best of animation productions which are being done on this platform. All forms of story telling, movies, short films or episodes are finding their way in flash animation. The screen given below shows the mode of applying modelling to pictures.
Texturing
Texturing is made by applying surface coloring to the image. It can be thought of as a number of thin pieces of texture that are used to generate a three dimensional image map. 3D textures are typically represented by 3 coordinates. Online ads which are getting good response are based on applying texturing to pictures. The screen below shows the texturing applied picture.
Rigging
Rigging is required to animate articulated 3D image. Rigging effects are incorporated in most of the games software. Most of the promotion strategies today incorporate the gaming aspect in their 360 degree approach. The screen given below shows the rigging effect used in game software.
Lighting
Lighting in 3D design serves the same purpose as that of real world lighting. Its main function is to bring out or push back the shapes of objects visible from the cameras view. It gives a two-dimensional image on the monitor as an illusion of the third dimension-depth. It also gives an image its personality, its character. Lightning effects are mostly used during the preparation of E-cards. The screen below shows the lightning effect applied to picture.
Animation
Most animations are sophisticated with audio, transition effects, enhanced data interpretation. Animated pictures have good response among the users and are used in advertisements and website designs. The screen below shows the mode of adding animation to picture.
ADVANCEMENTS IN ANIMATION INDUSTRY
The following are the various advancements in animation industry
Cel-shaded animation
Morph target animation
Skeletal animation
Motion capture
Crowd simulation
Cel-shaded animation
This type of animation is used to make the image hand drawn. It is also known as Toon shading. Generally, it is used to copy the style of comic book or cartoon characters.
Morph Target Animation
In this type of animation, the series of vertex positions are stored. In each key frame of the animation the vertex will move to a different position. It is used for animating cloth, skin and facial expressions. Depending on the renderer, the vertices will move along paths to fill in the blank time between the keyframes or the renderer will simply switch between the different positions, creating a somewhat jerky look.
Skeletal Animation
This type of animation works by constructing a series of bones and each bone is associated with some portion of characters visual representation.
Motion Capture
In this type of animation, the action movements are digitally recorded. It is used in video games to animate the characters of the game. It is used in films for recording the action of human actors.
Crowd Simulation
This type of animation reproduces the movement of a large number of objects or characters. It is used when there are more characters than those that can be animated using the other methods.
The objects are constructed on three planes namely X, Y and Z. 3D objects can be subjected to transformation, rotation and scaling. 3D interaction occurs when users are able to move and perform interaction in 3D space.
INTERACTION DESIGN (ID)
Interaction Design allows users to carry out their tasks and perform functions by exchanging information with computer systems in 3D space. It is a perceptive type of interaction because humans can interact with three dimensions in the real world. The various types of tasks users can perform through Interaction Design are selection and manipulation of objects in virtual space, navigation, and system control. Users can perform the tasks through interaction techniques in virtual space and by utilizing interaction devices.
Interaction Techniques
3D interaction occurs when physical tools are controlled in 3D spatial context to control a corresponding virtual tool. Interaction with the virtual world in 3D allows users to make use of natural and intrinsic knowledge of how information exchange takes place with physical objects in the real world. Texture, sound, and speech are used to enhance 3D interaction.
The classification of 3D interaction techniques are based on the task group it supports. The major classification of 3D interaction techniques are
Navigation Techniques
Selection and Manipulation Techniques
System Control Techniques
Navigation Techniques
Navigation techniques support tasks related to navigation. Navigation tasks have two components, namely travel and way finding. Travel deals with the movement from the current location to the desired point. Way finding deals with the finding and setting routes to get to a travel goal within the virtual environment.
Selection and Manipulation Techniques
Selection and manipulation techniques support object selection and manipulation. Direct-hand manipulation is the most natural technique as manipulating physical objects with the hand is spontaneous for humans. A virtual hand that can select and re-locate virtual objects is also used. 3D widgets are used to put controls on objects.
System Control Techniques
The tasks associated with issuing commands to the application in order to change system mode or activate some functionality come under system control techniques. Graphical menus, Voice commands, Gestural interaction, and Virtual tools with specific functions are the techniques that support system control tasks in three-dimensions.
3D INTERFACES
The 3D interfaces are the means for communication between users and systems. 3D Interfaces are used in applications that feature virtual environments, and augmented and mixed realities. 3D interfaces include media for 3D representation of system state, and media for 3D user input or manipulation. In addition to 3D representations, special input and output devices are used to support interaction.
Input Devices
Input Devices help manipulate objects and send control instructions to the computer system. They vary in terms of degrees of freedom available to them. They are classified into standard input devices, trackers, control devices, navigation equipment, and gesture interfaces. Standard input devices include keyboards, tablets and stylus, joysticks, mice, touch screens, knobs, and trackballs.
Output Devices
Output devices allow the machine to provide information or feedback to the user. They include visual displays, auditory displays, and haptic displays. Visual displays provide feedback to users in 3D visual form. Head-mounted displays and CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) are examples of a fully-immersive visual display. In fully-immersive displays the user can see only the virtual world and not the real one. Semi-immersive displays allow users to see both. Monitors and workbenches are examples of semi-immersive displays. Auditory displays provide information in auditory form.
Software
Most of the three dimensional design and interaction design are done through the following software
Flash Script
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe XD video
AAA Magic 3D
3DJournal Software
Python 3D Software
SOLUTIONS TO ALL QUESTIONS RELATED TO 3D AND ID
Interactive Touch Screen Technology
In this technology, users are allowed to interact with the application and apply the required change by touching the screen. Software working allows the users to draw or apply colours or select the required options by touching the screen. The screen given below shows the mode of applying colour through touch screen using Adobe XD video.
Virtual Reality Technology
Virtual reality (VR) technology allows users to interact with an environment that is a simulation of the real or an imaginary world. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays. The screen shots given below show the mode of applying colour through touch screen using CAD.
Augmented reality Technology
Augmented Reality deals with the live direct or indirect view of a physical real world environment whose elements are merged with virtual computer generated imagery, creating a mixed reality. Augmented reality research explores the application of computer-generated imagery in live-video streams as a way to expand the real-world. The figure below shows the working of Augmented Reality technology.
3D Animation
The rapid display of a sequence of two dimensional or three dimensional images is called animation. 3D animations give the impression to look at characters from all angles like in real life.
Modelling
Flash is the best of animation productions which are being done on this platform. All forms of story telling, movies, short films or episodes are finding their way in flash animation. The screen given below shows the mode of applying modelling to pictures.
Texturing
Texturing is made by applying surface coloring to the image. It can be thought of as a number of thin pieces of texture that are used to generate a three dimensional image map. 3D textures are typically represented by 3 coordinates. Online ads which are getting good response are based on applying texturing to pictures. The screen below shows the texturing applied picture.
Rigging
Rigging is required to animate articulated 3D image. Rigging effects are incorporated in most of the games software. Most of the promotion strategies today incorporate the gaming aspect in their 360 degree approach. The screen given below shows the rigging effect used in game software.
Lighting
Lighting in 3D design serves the same purpose as that of real world lighting. Its main function is to bring out or push back the shapes of objects visible from the cameras view. It gives a two-dimensional image on the monitor as an illusion of the third dimension-depth. It also gives an image its personality, its character. Lightning effects are mostly used during the preparation of E-cards. The screen below shows the lightning effect applied to picture.
Animation
Most animations are sophisticated with audio, transition effects, enhanced data interpretation. Animated pictures have good response among the users and are used in advertisements and website designs. The screen below shows the mode of adding animation to picture.
ADVANCEMENTS IN ANIMATION INDUSTRY
The following are the various advancements in animation industry
Cel-shaded animation
Morph target animation
Skeletal animation
Motion capture
Crowd simulation
Cel-shaded animation
This type of animation is used to make the image hand drawn. It is also known as Toon shading. Generally, it is used to copy the style of comic book or cartoon characters.
Morph Target Animation
In this type of animation, the series of vertex positions are stored. In each key frame of the animation the vertex will move to a different position. It is used for animating cloth, skin and facial expressions. Depending on the renderer, the vertices will move along paths to fill in the blank time between the keyframes or the renderer will simply switch between the different positions, creating a somewhat jerky look.
Skeletal Animation
This type of animation works by constructing a series of bones and each bone is associated with some portion of characters visual representation.
Motion Capture
In this type of animation, the action movements are digitally recorded. It is used in video games to animate the characters of the game. It is used in films for recording the action of human actors.
Crowd Simulation
This type of animation reproduces the movement of a large number of objects or characters. It is used when there are more characters than those that can be animated using the other methods.
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